Verbo Ser o Estar en Inglés
El verbo TO BE o verbo ser o estar en inglés es sin duda el más usado de este idioma, sin embargo, sus múltiples usos pueden llegar a confundir a quienes estudian el inglés como segunda lengua.
Los diferentes tiempos verbales y sus cambios subsecuentes así como su aplicación a diferentes formas gramaticales hace que el verbo ser o estar en inglés pueda ser algo difícil de entender. En este post te explicaremos todo acerca de este verbo TO BE y sus diferentes usos.
Verbo ser o estar en inglés
A diferencia del español, tanto el verbo ser como estar en inglés se comprimen en uno solo, el verbo TO BE.
Verbo ser o estar en inglés como verbo principal
El verbo TO BE el verbo fundamental que se utiliza para indicar la existencia de una entidad (persona, objeto, abstracción) o para relacionar una entidad con sus cualidades o características. En lingüística, a veces se le conoce como cópula.
A diferencia de los verbos transitivos, no toma un objeto directo, sino un complemento, ya que el sujeto y el complemento del verbo se relacionan con la misma entidad.
El complemento de TO BE puede ser un sustantivo, un grupo de sustantivos, un adjetivo o una frase preposicional.
Person | Present | Preterit | Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
I | am | was | have been | had been |
You | are | were | have been | had been |
He, She, It | ise | was | has been | had been |
We | are | were | have been | had been |
You | are | were | have been | had been |
They | are | were | have been | had been |
Ejemplos:
- She is the owner of the house
- I am her father
- He is a taxi driver
- They are siblings
- We are best friends
- She was the town queen
- I was the best student
- He was a very nice man
- They were having a good time
- We were classmates
- She has been studying to become a nurse
- I have been working overtime
- He has been calling every day
- They have been running together
- We have been working on the house
Verbo ser o estar en inglés como auxiliar
El verbo TO BE también se utiliza como verbo auxiliar en algunas construcciones
Formas progresivas con BE
El verbo TO BE se utiliza como auxiliar para denotar el aspecto progresivo o continuo de una acción; por tanto, se utiliza para formar el "presente progresivo" y el "pasado progresivo" y otros tiempos verbales progresivos (también llamados tiempos continuos presentes y pasados continuos, etc.). En este caso, BE va seguido del participio presente de un verbo.
Por ejemplo:
Present
progressive |
Future
progressive |
Preterit
progressive |
Present perfect progressive |
Past perfect progressive |
I am standing | I will be standing | I was standing | I have been
standing |
I had been standing |
You are standing | You will be standing | You were standing | You have been standing | You had been standing |
He / she... is standing | He / she ... will be standing | He/ she ... was standing | He / she... have been standing | he / she ... had been standing |
We are standing | We will be standing | We were standing | We have been standing | We had been standing |
You are standing | You will be standing | You were standing | You have been standing | You had been standing |
They are standing | They will be standing | They were standing | They have been standing | They had been standing |
Formas pasivas con BE
El verbo ser o estar en inglés también se usa como auxiliar para formar tiempos pasivos. En este caso, el auxiliar BE va seguido del participio pasado de un verbo.
Ejemplos:
- She is taken
- She will be taken
- She has been taken
- She was taken
- She had been taken
El “To be” también cambiará para indicar el tiempo de la acción y el aspecto del verbo (simple, progresivo, perfecto).
- Water is pumped out of the caisson to create an underwater work chamber. (simple present)
- Some caissons were moved to other construction sites. (simple past)
- While the water was being pumped out, workers would enter the top of the waterproof chamber. (past progressive)
- Many other uses of caisson construction have been explored. (present perfect)
- Caissons had been used by the ancient Romans. (past perfect)
- Other uses will be found. (future)
El verbo ser o estar en inglés se puede combinar con otras formas modales (junto con el participio pasado del verbo principal) para transmitir otros tipos de información.
Ejemplos:
- The walls may be weakened by the water damage
- The floor should be replaced in the house
- This window might have been damaged by a storm
Cuando los verbos "to be" se combinan con formas modales de esta manera, la construcción se denomina frase modal.
Ejemplos:
- She was able to finish her studies
- He wasn't supposed to come home yet
- She will be allowed to compete next summer
- I am about to start a new job
- He is going to attend a master´s program
Tiempos progresivos en pasivo
Como TO BE se usa tanto para formar tiempos pasivos como tiempos con aspecto progresivo, se deduce que se usa dos veces en formas verbales que son tanto pasivas como progresivas.
Si bien teóricamente es posible una gama completa de tiempos verbales, en la práctica el inglés solo tiene dos tiempos pasivos progresivos, el presente progresivo pasivo y el pasado progresivo pasivo.
Ejemplos:
She is being helped
I was being helped
Evita la confusión
Recuerda que cuando el auxiliar TO BE va seguido de un participio presente, el verbo está en modo activo; cuando va seguido de un participio pasado, el verbo in en modo pasivo.
Ejemplos:
- The turkey was eating its dinner
- The turkey was eaten for dinner.
- They were telling the truth, when they said that they knew nothing
- They were told the truth, when the man finally confessed.
- The man have been asking to see the managing director.
- The man have been asked to see the managing director.
Verbo ser o estar en inglés como verbo modal
El verbo TO BE se utiliza ocasionalmente como auxiliar modal; pero en esto es un verbo extraño, ya que puede tener un valor de futuro, o un valor de obligación, o algo entre los dos, suposición.
En la primera y tercera persona, es un modal cuyo valor más común es el futuro: en la segunda persona, su principal valor es el de obligación. Sin embargo, esta distinción no siempre es cierta.
Person | Present | Preterit |
I | I am to make | was to make |
you | You are to make | were to make |
he, she, etc. | ... is to make | was to make |
we | ... are to make | were to make |
you | ... are to make | were to make |
they | ... are to make | were to make |
Ejemplos:
- The bus was to leave at 8 (meaning: The bus was supposed to leave at 8)
- I am to work in California next year (I'm going to / have to work in California...)
- I am to bake two of these cakes (I must / am supposed to bake two...)
- She is to stand as candidate for the counsel (She is going to stand...)
- They were to stay at school that afternoon (They were meant to / were going to .....)
- After that, we were to get lost. (After that, we were going to get lost).
- The kids were to go home (the kids were supposed to go home).
- You are to get better marks next time. (You must get better marks ....)
- When we get home, you are to go straight to bed. (When we get home, you must go straight to bed).
Verbo TO BE en preguntas
El verbo ser o estar en inglés también se usa para formular preguntas.
Preguntas simples
Las preguntas simples son aquellas que se pueden responder con si o no. Estas se crean invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y el verbo ser o estar en inglés en la construcción gramatical.
Ejemplos:
- Is your sister taller than you?
- Were they home when you got there?
- Am I well dress for the occasion?
- Is he your boyfriend?
La misma inversión tiene lugar cuando se combina TO BE con verbos en progresivo.
Ejemplos:
- Are you working tonight?
- Is it snowing outside?
- Were they driving home when it happened?
Tag questions con el verbo ser o estar en inglés
Cuando usamos los verbos TO BE en una pregunta de etiqueta, la fórmula básica es la siguiente: el verbo se combina con un pronombre y, a veces, con not (generalmente en forma contraída). Las declaraciones positivas van seguidas de etiquetas negativas; declaraciones negativas por etiquetas positivas.
Ejemplos:
- You were going to skip school, weren’t you?
- She was Robert’s girlfriend, wasn’t she?
- I am not a very good dancer, am I?
Como puedes ver, saber cómo usar el verbo ser o estar en inglés (TO BE) puede ser algo complicado, pero recuerda que la práctica hace al maestro. Lee con detenimiento las explicaciones anteriores y practica con los ejemplos dados para que puedas manejar el verbo TO BE como todo un nativo.
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